Traces of the NeXT software heritage can still be seen in macOS. On February 4, 1997, Apple Computer acquired NeXT for $427 million, and used OPENSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X, as it was called at the time. Some of these efforts, such as Taligent, did not fully come to fruition others, like Java, gained widespread adoption. However, by this point, a number of other companies - notably Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and even Sun itself - were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own. OPENSTEP was, for a short time, adopted by Sun and HP. NeXTSTEP underwent an evolution into OPENSTEP which separated the object layers from the operating system below, allowing it to run with less modification on other platforms. Īll but abandoning the idea of an operating system, NeXT managed to maintain a business selling WebObjects and consulting services, only ever making modest profits in its last few quarters as an independent company. It also supported the innovative Enterprise Objects Framework database access layer and WebObjects application server development environment, among other notable features. This environment is known today in the Mac world as Cocoa. It featured an object-oriented programming framework based on the Objective-C language. NeXTSTEP was based on the Mach kernel developed at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) and BSD, an implementation of Unix dating back to the 1970s. The hardware was phased out in 1993 however, the company's object-oriented operating system NeXTSTEP had a more lasting legacy as it eventually became the basis for Mac OS X. As the first workstation to include a digital signal processor (DSP) and a high-capacity optical disc drive, NeXT hardware was advanced for its time, but was expensive relative to the rapidly commoditizing workstation market. The current major version, macOS 13 Ventura, was announced on Jat WWDC 2022 and released on October 25 of that year.ĭevelopment Development outside Apple A diagram of the relationships between Unix systems including the ancestors of macOSĪfter Apple removed Steve Jobs from management in 1985, he left the company and attempted to create the "next big thing", with funding from Ross Perot and himself. Starting with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, big cat names were used as marketing names starting with OS X 10.9 Mavericks, names of locations in California were used as marketing names instead. Mac OS X 10.0 and 10.1 were given names of big cats as internal code names ("Cheetah" and "Puma"). MacOS retained the major version number 10 throughout its development history until the release of macOS 11 Big Sur in 2020. The operating system was further renamed to "macOS" starting with macOS Sierra.įrom the introduction of machines not supporting the classic Mac OS in 2003 until the introduction of iPhone OS in early 2007, Mac OS X was Apple's only software platform. Lion was referred to by Apple as "Mac OS X Lion" and sometimes as "OS X Lion" Mountain Lion was officially referred to as just "OS X Mountain Lion", with the "Mac" being completely dropped. Starting with the Intel build of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, most releases have been certified as Unix systems conforming to the Single Unix Specification. The macOS Server app was discontinued on Apand will stop working on macOS 13 Ventura or later. Starting with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, macOS Server is no longer offered as a standalone operating system instead, server management tools are available for purchase as an add-on. Since then, several more distinct desktop and server editions of macOS have been released. The desktop version aimed at regular users- Mac OS X 10.0-shipped in March 2001. It was built using the technologies Apple acquired from NeXT, but did not include the signature Aqua user interface (UI). MacOS was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0. To ease the transition for users and developers, versions through 10.4 were able to run Mac OS 9 and its applications in a compatibility layer. The transition was a technologically and strategically significant one. Īlthough it was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of the Mac OS (indicated by the Roman numeral "X"), it has a completely different codebase from Mac OS 9, as well as substantial changes to its user interface. However, the current macOS is a Unix operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT from the 1980s until Apple purchased the company in early 1997. That system, up to and including its final release Mac OS 9, was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple had used in its Mac computers since their introduction in 1984. The history of macOS, Apple's current Mac operating system formerly named Mac OS X until 2011 and then OS X until 2016, began with the company's project to replace its "classic" Mac OS.
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Every talking head, from the journalist Lee to the quirky activist Serra, speaks to the wider issue of minorities being denied basic rights, and what can be done to demand change. Some of the wounds are self-inflicted, but every action is marked by the psychological and physical damage incarceration exacts on the human psyche.Ĭouple that with Chol Soo Lee’s desire to feel that he deserved everyone who fought for him, and “Free Chol Soo Lee” becomes a powerful tale that represents more than its subject. It’s here where Yi and Ha do their best work, tying all their former threads together and documenting Lee’s reactions to an almost preternatural streak of bad luck. In a more just world, Lee’s release in 1982 would have been the happy ending that closed out “Free Chol Soo Lee.” But the film has an entire third act to go. Indeed, Lee had matinee idol looks, making one wonder what might have happened if life had dealt him a better hand. Witness X referred to Lee as being far prettier than the murderer. He was found not guilty when a witness called Witness X pointed out that the man who shot Yip Yee Tak could not have been Chol Soo Lee. While Chol Soo Lee was flattered and honored to have his case rescued from relative anonymity, “Free Chol Soo Lee” shows how heavily this weighed on his conscience once years of activism got him a successful retrial in 1982. Lee tells us that Chol Soo is the most common Korean first name, so his case felt like any Korean-American was on trial. There was even a song written about his plight, much like Bob Dylan did for “Hurricane” Carter. As a result, Chol Soo Lee became a “celebrity” of sorts, an example of how broken the justice system is. Eventually, civil rights attorney Tony Serra got involved. The Korean-American community, the Asian community at large and even Black activists joined the protests. Soon, the community, led by student activists like future public defender Jeff Adachi and friends like Ranko Yamada, rallied for a retrial. He wrote a two-part series in the Sacramento Union that brought attention. In 1977, four years into Lee’s original sentence, Korean-American journalist K.W. Regardless of the intent, Lee was given the death penalty. This time, however, it was committed in self-defense after he was targeted by Aryan gang in prison. So, it’s shocking when we hear that Lee was being charged with another murder. Through Lee’s own words, and footage of him in interviews, we get the impression that he was not a violent person. The narration frequently veers between statements of being grateful and confessions of a guilt deeply rooted in trauma. Ha and Yi excel at giving us a feel for a man who battled feelings of loneliness and the sense he belonged nowhere. “Free Chol Soo Lee” shows how blatantly an innocent man was railroaded by a racist system, reminding us that justice works differently when the person on trial isn’t White. Using a ballistics report that was later disproven, the courts found Lee guilty without questioning anyone who could prove his innocence. Lee was nowhere near the crime, and he had corroborating witnesses, but the prosecutors were looking for a quick victory to combat the public perception that they were soft on crime. Three witnesses picked Lee out of a lineup, despite them saying they saw a Chinese man committing the crime. Meanwhile, Yip Yee Tak was gunned down in the streets of Chinatown. While fooling around with it in his apartment, the gun went off. Since he’d never held a gun before, Lee asked if he could borrow it. One night, he noticed his boss had a gun for protection. After doing a stint in Juvenile Hall, the 21-year-old Lee got a job outside a North Beach nudie bar, soliciting potential patrons. The inability to communicate led to Lee being sent to a psychiatric hospital, his first brush with wrongful incarceration. He had difficultly learning English, as all the ESL classes were for speakers of Chinese languages. Returning 12 years after she’d left him, his mother took him to San Francisco’s Chinatown, where she left him to his own devices. It’s implied that he was the product of rape, and his birth in Seoul to an unmarried woman ostracized her from the family. |
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